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                    目录
            
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                    第一章    初识java
            
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                    1.1  计算机语言
            
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                    1.2  java发展史
            
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                    1.3  Java的特点
            
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                    1.4  Java程序工作原理
            
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                    1.5  Java SE的结构
            
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                    1.6  Java开发环境搭建
            
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                    1.7  第一个Java程序
            
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                    第二章    数据类型和运算符
            
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                    2.1  标识符和关键字
            
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                    2.2  变量和常量
            
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                    2.3  Java数据类型
            
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                    2.4  成员变量和局部变量
            
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                    2.5  Java运算符
            
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                    2.6  Java表达式
            
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                    2.7  本章练习
            
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                    第三章    流程控制
            
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                    3.1  if语句
            
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                    3.2  switch语句
            
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                    3.3  循环语句
            
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                    3.4  本章练习
            
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                    第四章    方法与数组
            
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                    4.1  方法
            
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                    4.2  数组
            
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                    4.3  二维数组
            
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                    4.4  本章练习
            
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                    第五章    String字符串
            
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                    5.1  String类
            
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                    5.2  String类的常用方法
            
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                    5.3  Java API文档的使用
            
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                    5.4  StringBuffer类
            
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                    5.5  本章练习
            
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                    第六章    类和对象
            
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                    6.1  类和对象概述
            
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                    6.2  Java类
            
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                    6.3  构造方法
            
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                    6.4  对象初始化过程
            
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                    6.5  重载
            
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                    6.6  本章练习
            
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                    第七章    包和访问控制
            
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                    7.1  Java包
            
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                    7.2  引用包
            
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                    7.3  访问权限
            
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                    7.4  static关键字
            
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                    7.5  本章练习
            
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                    第八章    继承和多态
            
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                    8.1  抽象和封装
            
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                    8.2  继承
            
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                    8.3  多态
            
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                    8.4  本章练习
            
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                    第九章    抽象类和接口
            
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                    9.1  抽象类
            
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                    9.2  接口
            
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                    9.3  本章练习
            
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                    第十章    排序算法
            
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                    10.1  排序算法
            
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                    10.2  本章练习
            
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                                <h2 id="14--java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x539F;&#x7406;">1.4  Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x539F;&#x7406;</h2>
<h3 id="141--java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;">1.4.1  Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;</h3>
<p>&#x2003;&#x2003;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#xFF08;Java Virtual Machine&#xFF09;&#x7B80;&#x79F0;JVM&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x53F0;&#x771F;&#x5B9E;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x662F;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6A21;&#x62DF;&#x771F;&#x5B9E;&#x673A;&#x5668;&#x6765;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x65E2;&#x7136;&#x662F;&#x6A21;&#x62DF;&#x51FA;&#x6765;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x770B;&#x8D77;&#x6765;&#x540C;&#x6837;&#x6709;&#x786C;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x5668;&#x3001;&#x5806;&#x6808;&#x3001;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x7B49;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD8;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x62BD;&#x8C61;&#x7684;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x4E0A;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x662F;Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;Java &#x6700;&#x5177;&#x5438;&#x5F15;&#x529B;&#x7684;&#x7279;&#x6027;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x524D;&#x9762;&#x63D0;&#x5230;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;Java&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7279;&#x70B9;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x7EA7;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x65E0;&#x5173;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x63A5;&#x4E0B;&#x6765;&#x5C06;&#x4ECE;&#x539F;&#x7406;&#x4E0A;&#x8FDB;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x4E3A;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;Java&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x65E0;&#x5173;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;Java&#x201C;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#xFF0C;&#x5904;&#x5904;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x201D;&#x7684;&#x5173;&#x952E;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x4E86;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;C&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x5F00;&#x53D1;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x60F3;&#x8981;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x5728;Windows&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5728;Windows&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0B;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x6210;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x53EA;&#x80FD;&#x5728;Windows&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x3002;&#x800C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x60F3;&#x8BA9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5668;&#x8F6F;&#x4EF6;&#x80FD;&#x5728;Linux&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x5FC5;&#x987B;&#x5728;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0B;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#xFF0C;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x9488;&#x5BF9;&#x8BE5;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#xFF0C;&#x624D;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;Java&#x800C;&#x8A00;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x3002;&#x7528;Java&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x7684;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x5668;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#xFF08;.java&#x540E;&#x7F00;&#xFF09;&#x7ECF;&#x8FC7;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5668;&#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x6210;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x9488;&#x5BF9;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x662F;&#x9488;&#x5BF9;&#x62BD;&#x8C61;&#x7684;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x3002;&#x800C;&#x5728;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0A;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x5B89;&#x88C5;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x5C4F;&#x853D;&#x4E86;&#x5404;&#x4E2A;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x7684;&#x5DEE;&#x5F02;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x4F7F;Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#xFF08;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF09;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x65E0;&#x5173;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x4E5F;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x5728;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x628A;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x89E3;&#x91CA;&#x6210;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x5668;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x539F;&#x7406;&#x5982;&#x56FE;1.1&#x6240;&#x793A;&#x3002;<br><br>
<img src="https://labfile.oss.aliyuncs.com/library/textbook-java1/img/d1z/tu1.1.png"></p>
<p><center>&#x56FE;1.1  Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;</center><br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x5728;&#x7406;&#x89E3;&#x4E86;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x4E0A;&#xFF0C;&#x63A5;&#x4E0B;&#x6765;&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x539F;&#x7406;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x56FE;1.2&#x6240;&#x793A;&#xFF0C;Java&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x5148;&#x540E;&#x7ECF;&#x8FC7;JVM&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x5668;&#x3001;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#x5668;&#x548C;&#x89E3;&#x91CA;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x5728;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x4E0A;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x3002;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x5404;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x7684;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x5982;&#x4E0B;&#x3002;  </p>
<ul>
<li><p>&#x7C7B;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x5668;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5BFB;&#x627E;&#x548C;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x6240;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x628A;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x88C5;&#x5230;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;  </p>
</li>
<li><p>&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#x5668;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x662F;&#x5BF9;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#xFF0C;&#x4FDD;&#x8BC1;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x7684;&#x5B89;&#x5168;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6821;&#x9A8C;&#x5668;&#x8D1F;&#x8D23;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x6BB5;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x5E76;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x89C4;&#x5219;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#xFF0C;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x4F2A;&#x9020;&#x6307;&#x9488;&#x3001;&#x8FDD;&#x53CD;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x6743;&#x9650;&#x6216;&#x8BD5;&#x56FE;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x975E;&#x6CD5;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x3002;  </p>
</li>
<li>&#x89E3;&#x91CA;&#x5668;&#x3002;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x8BA4;&#x8BC6;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x8D77;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x6700;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x89E3;&#x91CA;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x5C06;&#x5B57;&#x8282;&#x7801;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x7FFB;&#x8BD1;&#x6210;&#x6240;&#x5728;&#x5E73;&#x53F0;&#x80FD;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x7684;&#x4E1C;&#x897F;&#x3002;<br><br>
<br>
<img src="https://labfile.oss.aliyuncs.com/library/textbook-java1/img/d1z/tu1.2.png"><br><center>&#x56FE;1.2  Java&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x539F;&#x7406;</center>  <h3 id="142--&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x673A;&#x5236;">1.4.2  &#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x673A;&#x5236;</h3>
&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x5728;C++&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7ED3;&#x675F;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4F1A;&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x5360;&#x7528;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x6240;&#x5360;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7ED9;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x3002;&#x800C;Java&#x7684;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x539F;&#x5148;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7ED9;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x8BE5;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x4FBF;&#x6210;&#x4E3A;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7EA7;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#xFF08;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x5668;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x8DDF;&#x8E2A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x5757;&#x88AB;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x51FA;&#x53BB;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x88AB;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x6210;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x80FD;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x51CF;&#x8F7B;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x7F16;&#x7A0B;&#x7684;&#x8D1F;&#x62C5;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x662F;Java &#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x5177;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x4F18;&#x70B9;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x8981;&#x82B1;&#x8BB8;&#x591A;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x6765;&#x89E3;&#x51B3;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x65E0;&#x7528;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x7528;Java&#x8BED;&#x8A00;&#x7F16;&#x7A0B;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x9760;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x53EF;&#x5927;&#x5927;&#x7F29;&#x77ED;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x5783;&#x573E;&#x56DE;&#x6536;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7EA7;&#x7684;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x7ED9;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x5E26;&#x6765;&#x597D;&#x5904;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7740;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x5B83;&#x8981;&#x8FFD;&#x8E2A;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#xFF0C;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x6CA1;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x82B1;&#x8D39;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x3002;<br>&#x2003;&#x2003;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8C03;&#x7528;System.gc()&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x901A;&#x77E5;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x65E0;&#x7528;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x4F1A;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x5728;&#x5408;&#x9002;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x65E0;&#x7528;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#xFF0C;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x8C03;&#x7528;System.gc()&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x523B;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x662F;Java&#x865A;&#x62DF;&#x673A;&#x51B3;&#x5B9A;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x7CBE;&#x786E;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x548C;&#x5E72;&#x9884;&#x3002;  </li>
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